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Carbonate Outcrops

WorldPhysical Environment

Locations of outcrops of carbonate rocks, primarily limestone and dolostone

USGS

A map illustrates the global distribution of carbonate rock outcrops, indicated by yellow dots across various continents.

In North America, outcrops are prevalent along the western coast, the southeastern United States, and parts of Mexico. Central America and the Caribbean also have notable concentrations, particularly in Costa Rica and Cuba. In South America, significant outcrops are found in Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Europe shows widespread outcrops, especially in France, Spain, Poland, and Ukraine, with additional dots in the United Kingdom and Sweden. Africa has notable outcrops in Morocco, Algeria, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. In Asia, outcrops are concentrated in Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, with additional dots in China, Mongolia, and Russia. Southeast Asia has numerous outcrops, particularly in Indonesia. In Australia, outcrops are found along the eastern coast and in southern Australia, with additional dots in New Zealand.

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Carbonate Outcrops

Mean Sea-Surface Temperature

Areas Affected by Acid Rain

Carbonate Outcrops

-2.0 to 0.0

0.0 to 1.9

2.0 to 3.9

4.0 to 5.9

6.0 to 7.9

8.0 to 9.9

10.0 to 11.9

12.0 to 13.9

14.0 to 15.9

18.0 to 19.9

20.0 to 21.9

22.0 to 23.9

24.0 to 25.9

26.0 to 27.9

28.0 to 29.9

Acid Rain

Polluted air emissions leading to acid rain

Arizona
2
Utah
6
Yukon
2
Idaho
2
Alaska
30.243%0.756%0.368%
Northwest Territories
10.540%
Nunavut
12.12%
Hawaii
10.0%0.778%4.46%
British Columbia
51.06%
District of Columbia
100%
Florida
0.797%0.110%0.317%0.665%98.8%
New Hampshire
100%
Rhode Island
4.89%92.1%
Vermont
3100%
Washington
40.825%3.59%
Wyoming
29.2%
Montana
29.3%
Maine
30.534%99.2%
North Dakota
36.8%
Kentucky
24.3%75.7%
Nova Scotia
1.84%0.489%0.275%0.472%17.9%
Virginia
0.725%99.4%
Delaware
1.06%98.6%
Prince Edward Island
5.18%93.0%
Saskatchewan
1.42%
Mississippi
21.0%78.9%
West Virginia
100%
Nebraska
98.1%
Texas
0.214%0.245%
Missouri
100%
Louisiana
1.00%8.21%33.5%
North Carolina
0.239%0.183%0.286%99.3%
Oregon
852.1%
New Brunswick
10.647%0.219%2.23%
Alabama
0.114%82.1%17.8%
Kansas
63.2%
Wisconsin
0.545%36.3%63.1%
Newfoundland and Labrador
41.04%0.607%24.5%
New Jersey
0.163%1.14%98.5%
South Carolina
99.8%
Michigan
21.89%27.7%69.7%
Connecticut
0.194%100%
Pennsylvania
99.3%0.676%
Colorado
11.17%
Nevada
1544.1%
Massachusetts
1.32%2.66%0.220%96.4%
Georgia
0.230%99.8%
New York
0.265%0.344%2.48%
Maryland
2.09%97.6%
Québec
50.165%0.466%
Manitoba
0.172%
Oklahoma
27.0%
Tennessee
36.3%63.7%
Ontario
20.375%33.3%13.7%
California
60.120%0.206%95.7%
Arkansas
100%
South Dakota
100%
Ohio
18.8%81.1%
Indiana
100%
Minnesota
94.8%
Iowa
100%
Illinois
100%
0.16.0