Carbonate Outcrops
WorldPhysical EnvironmentLocations of outcrops of carbonate rocks, primarily limestone and dolostone
USGSA map illustrates the global distribution of carbonate rock outcrops, indicated by yellow dots across various continents.
In North America, outcrops are prevalent along the western coast, the southeastern United States, and parts of Mexico. Central America and the Caribbean also have notable concentrations, particularly in Costa Rica and Cuba. In South America, significant outcrops are found in Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Europe shows widespread outcrops, especially in France, Spain, Poland, and Ukraine, with additional dots in the United Kingdom and Sweden. Africa has notable outcrops in Morocco, Algeria, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. In Asia, outcrops are concentrated in Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, with additional dots in China, Mongolia, and Russia. Southeast Asia has numerous outcrops, particularly in Indonesia. In Australia, outcrops are found along the eastern coast and in southern Australia, with additional dots in New Zealand.
Carbonate Outcrops | -2.0 to 0.0 | 0.0 to 1.9 | 2.0 to 3.9 | 4.0 to 5.9 | 6.0 to 7.9 | 8.0 to 9.9 | 10.0 to 11.9 | 12.0 to 13.9 | 14.0 to 15.9 | 18.0 to 19.9 | 20.0 to 21.9 | 22.0 to 23.9 | 24.0 to 25.9 | 26.0 to 27.9 | 28.0 to 29.9 | No data | Arid and low water use | Low (<10%) | Low-medium (10-20%) | Medium-high (20-40%) | High (40-80%) | Extremely high (>80%) | Settled by 400 CE | Settled by 800 CE | Austronesian | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alaska | 3 | 0.243% | 0.756% | 0.368% | 0.132% | 87.9% | 0.193% | 0.154% | 1.32% | |||||||||||||||||
Arizona | 2 | 3.34% | 9.37% | 6.97% | 0.448% | 4.52% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Utah | 6 | 20.8% | 13.7% | 0.313% | 0.420% | 49.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Yukon | 2 | 0.923% | 99.0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Northwest Territories | 1 | 0.540% | 0.342% | 3.62% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
District of Columbia | 100% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Florida | 0.797% | 0.110% | 0.317% | 0.665% | 10.4% | 12.0% | 0.279% | 0.266% | 0.590% | |||||||||||||||||
Idaho | 2 | 0.772% | 13.8% | 28.4% | 8.83% | 44.9% | ||||||||||||||||||||
New Hampshire | 17.2% | 33.7% | 40.5% | 8.46% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Rhode Island | 4.89% | 0.183% | 86.5% | 6.09% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Vermont | 3 | 7.27% | 88.3% | 4.41% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Washington | 4 | 0.825% | 72.6% | 3.37% | 5.42% | 0.287% | 6.53% | |||||||||||||||||||
Wyoming | 21.7% | 0.541% | 70.3% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Nunavut | 1 | 2.12% | 0.979% | 18.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Montana | 28.7% | 2.60% | 14.6% | 5.24% | 35.2% | |||||||||||||||||||||
Maine | 3 | 0.534% | 94.9% | 2.65% | 0.228% | 0.817% | ||||||||||||||||||||
North Dakota | 7.38% | 3.22% | 4.45% | 0.249% | 9.67% | 36.7% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Kentucky | 76.6% | 17.7% | 5.68% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Nova Scotia | 1.84% | 0.489% | 0.275% | 0.472% | 0.182% | 80.1% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Virginia | 0.725% | 11.9% | 0.775% | 16.4% | 1.64% | |||||||||||||||||||||
Delaware | 1.06% | 0.105% | 37.7% | 61.1% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Prince Edward Island | 5.18% | 98.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Saskatchewan | 4.25% | 59.9% | 2.62% | 2.54% | 2.67% | 0.868% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mississippi | 74.5% | 1.57% | 23.9% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
West Virginia | 63.6% | 17.6% | 14.6% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Nebraska | 0.605% | 3.54% | 22.3% | 73.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Texas | 0.214% | 4.07% | 3.41% | 2.84% | 1.94% | 22.5% | 2.71% | |||||||||||||||||||
Missouri | 45.5% | 14.9% | 0.131% | 5.37% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Louisiana | 1.00% | 54.5% | 20.6% | 5.75% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
North Carolina | 0.239% | 0.183% | 0.286% | 0.116% | 12.2% | 54.7% | 3.14% | 0.982% | ||||||||||||||||||
Oregon | 8 | 14.3% | 48.2% | 11.8% | 4.82% | 0.772% | 0.847% | |||||||||||||||||||
New Brunswick | 1 | 0.647% | 0.219% | 99.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Alabama | 0.114% | 92.6% | 5.45% | 0.987% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
New Mexico | 30.3% | 0.128% | 7.32% | 21.7% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Kansas | 0.176% | 1.82% | 13.8% | 68.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Wisconsin | 0.545% | 5.67% | 25.0% | 40.8% | 9.68% | |||||||||||||||||||||
British Columbia | 5 | 1.06% | 92.0% | 1.55% | 0.285% | |||||||||||||||||||||
Newfoundland and Labrador | 4 | 1.04% | 0.607% | 74.5% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
New Jersey | 0.163% | 1.14% | 0.162% | 3.07% | 94.0% | 1.76% | ||||||||||||||||||||
South Carolina | 0.748% | 24.6% | 36.2% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Michigan | 2 | 1.89% | 56.0% | 3.00% | 4.63% | 9.70% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Alberta | 3.52% | 56.8% | 0.267% | 4.01% | 3.67% | 11.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Connecticut | 0.194% | 0.460% | 29.6% | 24.9% | 23.8% | 1.35% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Pennsylvania | 1.42% | 27.8% | 49.9% | 3.96% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Colorado | 1 | 0.795% | 9.40% | 85.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Nevada | 15 | 8.21% | 0.731% | 1.40% | 0.413% | 2.80% | 24.0% | |||||||||||||||||||
Massachusetts | 1.32% | 2.66% | 0.220% | 0.206% | 0.166% | 33.6% | 8.30% | 30.7% | ||||||||||||||||||
Georgia | 0.230% | 8.71% | 47.0% | 37.9% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
New York | 0.265% | 0.344% | 25.4% | 5.89% | 56.3% | 5.19% | 0.401% | |||||||||||||||||||
Maryland | 2.09% | 0.151% | 4.45% | 64.3% | 1.05% | 8.49% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Québec | 5 | 0.165% | 99.1% | 0.240% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Manitoba | 0.656% | 83.1% | 11.7% | 2.04% | 1.39% | |||||||||||||||||||||
Oklahoma | 11.4% | 5.60% | 4.28% | 17.9% | 30.0% | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tennessee | 90.1% | 5.50% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ontario | 2 | 0.375% | 97.2% | 1.67% | 1.13% | |||||||||||||||||||||
California | 6 | 0.120% | 0.206% | 0.688% | 12.5% | 0.232% | 17.8% | 2.26% | 1.00% | |||||||||||||||||
Arkansas | 12.6% | 46.8% | 33.2% | 6.01% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
South Dakota | 32.7% | 3.47% | 37.3% | 22.0% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Ohio | 3.42% | 0.721% | 29.0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Indiana | 0.434% | 1.19% | 8.61% | 4.78% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Minnesota | 21.0% | 3.81% | 13.1% | 23.4% | 22.0% | |||||||||||||||||||||
Iowa | 26.6% | 12.5% | 44.0% | 16.3% | 0.628% | |||||||||||||||||||||
Illinois | 30.9% | 0.187% | 44.1% | 9.75% | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Hawaii | 10.0% | 0.778% | 4.46% | 7.82% | 2.28% | 58.3% | 87.4% | |||||||||||||||||||