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Climate Zones

WorldPhysical Environment

The Köppen climate classification is a widely used climate classification system. It divides climates into five main groups, each with multiple subtypes.

University of Melbourne; Peel MC, Finlayson BL, and McMahon TA

A map depicts various climate zones across the globe, each marked with distinctive colors to represent different climatic conditions.

Tropical rain forests (A f), highlighted in dark green, are located in regions such as the Amazon Basin in South America, the Congo Basin in Central Africa, and Southeast Asia. Tropical monsoon climates (A m), shown in a yellow-green color, are found on the west coast of India, parts of Southeast Asia, and areas in Central and South America. Tropical savannas (A w), depicted in light green, span areas like central Brazil, central Africa, Myanmar, Vietnam, North East India, and northern Australia. Dry climates are represented by shades of brown and yellow. Tropical and subtropical hot deserts (B W h), in dark red, cover northern Africa Pakistan, Afghanistan, Mexico, and much of Australia. Midlatitude cold deserts (B W k), shown in light brown, are found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and China and parts of North America and South America, Tropical and subtropical hot steppes (B S h), colored in light yellow, are present in the Sahel region of Africa, parts of India, parts of south America, and northern and western Australia. Midlatitude cold steppes (B S k), marked in dark yellow, stretch across central Asia and the western North American Great Plains, parts in South America, Spain, and South Africa.

Mesothermal climates are represented in shades of light blue, green, and purple. Humid subtropical climates (C f a), in light blue, are located in southeastern U S A, eastern China, Japan, southeast Australia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Humid subtropical climates with winter dryness (C w a), shown in teal, are found in parts of northern India and southeastern China, southern Africa, and parts of South America. Marine west coast climates (C f b, C f c), depicted in darker blue, occur in northwestern Europe and parts of outer America. Mediterranean climates (C s a, C s b), in brown, cover the Mediterranean Basin, parts of California, central Chile, and parts of Europe.

Microthermal climates, marked in varying shades of purple and pink, include humid continental climates with hot summers (D f a, D w a) in northeastern U S A, eastern China, and Korea. Humid continental climates with mild summers (D f b, D w b), shown in light purple, span northeastern Europe, parts of Canada, and northern Japan. Subarctic climates with cool summers (D f c, D w c, D s c), in dark blue, are found in Siberia, parts of Canada, and Scandinavia. Subarctic climates with cold winters (D f d, D w d, D s d), in the darkest shade of purple, cover northern Siberia.

Finally, polar and highland climates are represented by light and dark grey. Tundra climates (E T), in light grey, are located in the coastal regions of the Arctic, northern Alaska, northern Canada, and parts of Greenland. The darkest grey areas indicate ice cap climates (E F), covering the interior of Greenland and Antarctica.

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Climate Zones

Tropical rain forest (Af)

Tropical monsoon (Am)

Tropical savanna (Aw)

Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh)

Midlatitude cold desert (BWk)

Tropical, subtropical hot steppe (BSh)

Midlatitude cold steppe (BSk)

Humid subtropical moist all year, hot summer (Cfa)

Humid subtropical winter-dry, hot to warm summers (Cwa, Cwb)

Marine West Coast (Cfb, Cfc)

Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)

Humid continental, hot summers (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa)

Humid continental, mild summers (Dfb, Dwb, Dsb)

Subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc)

Subarctic, cold winter (Dfd, Dwd)

Tundra (ET)

Ice cap and ice sheet (EF)

68.2%4.53%1.31%14.3%39.1%74.6%
19.8%18.1%71.5%20.1%7.58%
30.5%24.2%13.9%32.1%4.79%8.55%27.1%
1.64%18.9%13.3%14.4%9.82%6.80%5.24%2.75%
32.3%22.8%3.63%9.10%1.62%13.1%57.0%11.1%3.16%
1.22%8.22%42.0%28.3%2.78%14.3%37.0%23.8%8.79%35.9%32.2%7.44%
13.2%17.7%12.4%2.77%8.63%2.74%4.74%16.5%7.37%7.66%6.52%2.29%
56.1%5.24%3.41%98.5%1.43%7.98%18.0%94.9%
2.38%2.11%2.83%1.05%6.48%14.9%15.2%15.6%3.11%11.4%17.1%29.3%4.37%
18.7%1.92%32.0%18.4%2.44%9.66%5.85%25.3%5.06%4.17%1.97%4.40%27.6%2.37%
30.0%9.34%54.1%19.4%3.15%
76.3%3.57%5.81%15.3%3.53%4.00%8.68%5.69%8.16%
13.4%14.2%37.2%36.3%12.6%21.1%15.7%3.19%27.8%2.69%5.26%
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